Question bank (MD Pharmacology) updated till Summer 2020 exam papers.

General pharmacology

Long questions:

1. Drug antagonism. [1993,2005]
2. Drug interactions. [1995,2005]
3. Drug receptor interactions. [1998,1999,2007]
4. PK-PD changes and Principles of drug use in pregnancy. [2002,2007,2008]
5. Factors affecting bioavailability. [2004]
6. Drug delivery systems with examples. [2006]
7. How liver & kidney affect pharmacokinetics of drug with examples. [2006]
8. Discuss pharmacokinetic factors modifying drug action. [2007, 2019]
9. Practical considerations to be used in pediatrics. [2007]
10. Discuss pharmacovigilance. [2007,2015]
11. Discuss Receptor mediated mechanism of drug action. [2009]
12. Classify Adverse Drug Reactions and explain their subtypes. Discuss in general ways to prevent, suspect, early diagnose and treat Severe Adverse drug reactions with suitable examples. [2010]
13. Discuss the role of biotransformation in drug action [2011,2015]
14. Describe pharmacokinetic parameters and their applied pharmacology in detail [2011]
15. Discuss types of drug antagonisms with their clinical importance [2012,2015]
16. Discuss the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring [2013,2014]
17. Describe National Pharmacovigilance network. Discuss functions and scope of regional pharmacovigilance [2009]
18. Write an essay on Pharmacovigilance in India [2014]
19. Write in detail about ethical issues in drug research [2016]
20. Describe adverse drug reactions and therapeutic drug monitoring [2016]
21. Give an account of development of new drugs [2016]
22. Discuss concepts of drug clearance, its determination and factors affecting it. [2017]
23. “The concept of receptor is important in understanding the mechanism of action of certain drugs.” Explain with suitable examples. [2018]
24. 5HT receptors, their subtypes, agonists and antagonists. [2018, 2020]
25. Blood brain barrier and blood CSF Barrier [2020]

Short notes:

1. Essential drug list. [1992,1998,2007]
2. New drug delivery systems. [1993,1997,2007,2014, 2017]
3. Placebo. [1995,2005,2007]
4. Presynaptic receptors. [2002]
5. Saturation kinetics. [2003]
6. Hypersensitivity reactions. [2004]
7. Pharmacovigilance. [2005,2006]
8. Pharmacogenomics. [2005,2008]
9. Discuss Biological half-life of drugs and its clinical significance. [2005,2015]
10. Therapeutic drug monitoring. [2006,2007,2015,2020]
11. Second messenger systems. [2006]
12. Pharmacoepidemiology. [2006]
13. Drug induced agranulocytosis. [2007]
14. Pharmacogenomics. [2008]
15. Drug targeting [2009,2015]
16. Problems of drug use in old age [2009]
17. Dangers of polypharmacy in drug prescribing [2009]
18. Therapeutic drug monitoring [2009]
19. Enzymes as targets for drug action [2009]
20. Irrational use of drugs. [2009]
21. Importance of structure activity relationship of a drug [2010]
22. Volume of distribution [2010]
23. Write briefly about rational use of drugs [2010]
24. Discuss protein binding of drugs with its clinical significance [2010]
25. State the current status of Pharmacogenomics [2010]
26. Describe ethical aspects in drug promotion [2010]
27. Describe the role of pharmacogenomics in drug discovery and drug development [2011]
28. Describe the various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance [2011]
29. Drug tolerance [2011]
30. Prodrugs and its clinical significance [2011]
31. Problems of drug use in Pediatric patient [2011]
32. Factors modifying the drug action [2011]
33. Essential drugs [2012]
34. Liposomal drug delivery system [2012,2013,2014]
35. Discuss ‘P’ drug concept and its importance [2013,2014,2015]
36. Non-competitive drug antagonism [2013]
37. Issues and challenges in geriatric prescribing [2012]
38. Drugs in pregnancy [2011]
39. Pharmacogenetics [2014]
40. Placebo and nocebo [2014]
41. Drug dependence [2014]
42. Write a note on drug withdrawal [2015]
43. Rational use of drugs [2016]
44. Write on first pass effect of drugs [2016]
45. Non-competitive drug antagonism [2014]
46. Describe role of placebo in therapeutics [2015]
47. Describe pros and cons of prescribing drugs by generic names [2015]
48. Write a note on PvPI [2016]
49. Explain the role and status of contract research organizations [2016]
50. What are the provisions under drugs schedule H [2016]
51. Orphan drugs [2017]
52. Computer assisted learning in pharmacology [2017]
53. ADR monitoring system in India [2017]
54. Drug interactions of warfarin [2017]
55. Therapeutic drug monitoring [2017}
56. Describe various methods of prolongation of drug action [2017]
57. Describe various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance [2017]
58. Teratogenicity [2017]
59. Preclinical toxicity studies [2018]
60. Drug-drug interactions [2018]
61. Spectrophotometry [2018]
62. Clinical trial report writing [2019]
63. G protein coupled receptors [2019,2020]
64. Research fraud and misconduct [2019]
65. Photometric methods [2019]
66. Co-transmission [2019]
67. Peptide neurotransmitters [2019]
68. Various neurotransmitters and their current status in various disorders. Explain in brief “co-transmission”. [2018]
69. Role of modern drugs in reverse pharmacology. [2018]
70. Various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance. Explain in brief bioavailability and bioequivalence. [2018]
71. Apoptosis [2020]

Pre-Clinical Pharmacology

Long Questions:

1. Discuss CPCSEA guidelines [2005,2008]
2. Describe current concepts in use of animals in drug research with special reference to ethics [2009]

Short questions:

1. Use of inbred animals. [2006]
2. Euthanasia in experimental animals. [2007]
3. Errors in experimentation. [2008]
4. Chronic toxicity studies of drug [1993,1998,2002]
5. Preclinical toxicity studies. [1993,1997,1998,1999,2003,2005,2007,2007]
6. Expt approach to assess genotoxic potential of drugs. [2007]
7. Discuss various methods to test the teratogenicity of drugs. [2008]
8. Compare rabbit and rat as an experimental animal [2016]
9. Discuss alternatives to animal experiments [2016]
10.  

Clinical Pharmacology

Long questions:

1. Phases of clinical trials. [1998,2002,2005,2006]
2. Design protocol for phase II trial of lipid lowering agent. [2005]
3. Protocol for phase II trial of anti-hypertensive. [2006]
4. Protocol for phase III trial of anti-diabetic drug. [2006]
5. Ethical & legal issues in clinical trials. [2007]
6. Define Bioequivalence. Explain the elements of bioequivalence study [2009
7. Bioavailability & bioequivalence testing of drugs. [2006]
8. Define Bioequivalence. Explain the elements of bioequivalence study [2009]
9. Describe the role of Biostatistics in clinical trial. Discuss phase zero (Micro dosing) and role of Placebo in clinical trial [2011]
10. Describe historical development and the current status of ethical issues in clinical research [2013]
11. Define clinical trials and discuss Phase 0 (micro dosing), phase I, phase II, phase III, phase IV and phase V of clinical trials [2017]
12. Discuss ethical issues related to clinical trials and describe the role of placebo in clinical trials [2018]

Short notes:

1. Biomarkers. [2006,2015]
2. Merits and demerits of multi-centric clinical trials [2009]
3. Randomization methods [2009]
4. Informed written consent [2009]
5. Bioavailability studies [2010]
6. Describe post-marketing surveillance [2010,2015. 2018]
7. Importance of sample size [2011]
8. Case Report Form [2011]
9. Phases of new drug development [2011]
10. Sample size determination [2012]
11. Strength of evidence [2012]
12. Conflict of interest in drug research [2012]
13. Surrogate markers in clinical trials [2013,2014]
14. Study design in post marketing surveillance [2009]
15. Schedule Y of drugs [2014]
16. Crossover study designs [2017]
17. Bioequivalence [2019]
18. Role of questionnaire in drug evaluation. [2018]
19. Phase III and phase IV clinical trial. Discuss schedule Y.
20. Ethical guidelines in clinical trials [2020]

Biostatistics

Long question:

1. Describe the role of Biostatistics in clinical trial. Discuss phase zero (Micro dosing) and role of Placebo in clinical trial [2011]

Short questions:

1. Nonparametric tests [1993, 1994, 1998, 2005, 2010]
2. Student t test [1992, 2009,2016, 2017, 2018, 2020]
3. Importance of ‘p’ value [1995, 1997, 2005]
4. Chi square test [2002, 2010]
5. ANOVA [2005, 2006]
6. Parametric tests [2007, 2013,2014,2015]
7. Paired t test [2009]
8. Importance of sample size [2011]
9. Sample size determination [2012]
10. Paired ‘t’ test [2014]
11. Explain the interpretation of ‘p’ value in statistical analysis [2016]
12. Non-parametric tests of significance [2017, 2019]
13. Role and scope of biostatistics in clinical trials with significance and importance of various statistical tests. [2018]

Paper I Miscellaneous

Short questions:

1. HPLC. [1993,2007,2008]
2. ELISA [1995,2005,2010]
3. Chemical assay. [2002,2003]
4. Chromatographic assay techniques [2009]
5. Radioimmunoassay [2012]
6. Immunological bioassay [2011]
7. Chrono pharmacology and its significance [2011, 2017, 2018]
8. Chiral drugs and its significance [2011]
9. Discuss principle and clinical utility of HPLC [2015]

Receptor pharmacology

1. Pharmacology of calcium channel blockers. [1994,1995,2005]
2. Pharmacology of opioid receptors and drugs acting on it. [1995,2002,2008]
3. Pharmacology of dopamine receptors. [2003]
4. Drugs affecting dopaminergic system. [2006]
5. Drugs modulating potassium channels. [2006]
6. Pathophysiological role of GABA & drugs modulating it. [2006]
7. Role of NMDA receptors & drugs affecting it. [2007]
8. Give an account of 5-HT receptors, their subtypes and their agonists and antagonists [2010]
9. Describe the basis for and uses of drugs acting by altering 5HT concentration by acting on 5HT receptors [2010, 2017]

Short questions:

1. NMDA receptors. [2003,2005,2008, 2020]
2. COX-2 inhibitors. [2004]
3. Cannabinoid receptors. [2006]
4. Opioid receptors [2009]
5. 5HT receptor antagonists [2009]
6. H3 and H4 histaminergic receptors and their antagonists [2013]
7. Second generation anti-histaminics [2014]
8. Melatonin receptor antagonist [2014]
9. Neuropeptide receptors-drugs and current status [2014]

Evaluations

Long questions:

1. Eval. of anti-ulcer agents. [1993,2005, 2018]
2. Eval. of anti-epileptic. [1993,1995,1999,2002,2003]
3. Eval. of local anesthetics. [1994,1995,2005,2020]
4. Eval. of analgesics. [1997,2006,2015]
5. Eval. of anti-malarial. [1998,2007]
6. Eval. of anti-microbial. [2003]
7. Eval. of hepatoprotectives. [2005,2008]
8. Experimental models for drugs in parkinsonism. [2006, 2019]
9. Eval. of anti-diabetic agents. [2007]
10. Discuss experimental and clinical evaluation of antidiabetic drugs [2009]
11. Describe various clinical and experimental methods for evaluation of anti-anginal drugs [2010]
12. Describe methods of experimental and clinical evaluation of diuretics [2012]
13. Describe various experimental methods used for evaluation of analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents [2011,2015]
14. Describe the various experimental evaluation methods of cardiac antiarrhythmic drugs and cardio tonic activity [2011]
15. Enumerate, describe and compare various experimental and clinical methods for evaluation of anti-epileptic agents [2010]
16. Describe the methods of experimental and clinical evaluation of a new antihypertensive drug [2013,2014]
17. Describe preclinical evaluation of drugs claimed to useful in type 2 diabetes mellitus [2016]
18. Describe various clinical and experimental methods for evaluation of anti-anginal drugs [2017]
19. Enumerate, describe and compare various experimental and clinical methods used for evaluation of anti-hypertensive agents [2017, 2018]

Short questions:

1. Clinical evaluation of anti-inflammatory agents [2009]
2. Role of questionnaire in drug evaluation [2010]
3. Experimental evaluation of anti-hypertensive agents [2009]

Structure activity relationship

1. Role of SAR in new drug development. [1992,1995,1998,2005]
2. SAR-corticosteroids. [1993,1998,2005]
3. SAR-steroids. [1995,2002]
4. SAR-adrenergic agonists & antagonists. [2006]

CNS, PNS & ANS

Long questions:

1. Current opioids in therapeutics. [1997, 2003]­­
2. Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine. [2002,2004,2007]
3. Current & new therapies in parkinsonism. [1992,1995,2005]
4. Drug therapy of epilepsy/current status of AEDs. [1999,2006,2007]
5. Discuss peripheral cholinergic transmission. [2004]
6. Drug therapy of psychosis. [2006]
7. Drug dependence & its management. [2006]
8. Drug therapy of insomnia. [2008]
9. Discuss the importance of neurochemical transmission in central nervous system. Explain how drugs modify neurotransmission. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples [2009]
10. Enumerate polypeptide which stimulates smooth muscles. Describe the methods used for their identification and estimation [2009]
11. Pharmacology of opioid receptors and drugs acting on it. [1995,2002,2008]
12. Pharmacology of dopamine receptors. [2003]
13. Drugs affecting dopaminergic system. [2006]
14. Pathophysiological role of GABA & drugs modulating it. [2006]
15. Role of NMDA receptors & drugs affecting it. [2007]
16. Describe pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of anxiety. Discuss also the choice of antianxiety drugs in various anxiety disorders [2012]
17. Drugs for prophylaxis of migraine [2012]
18. Describe adrenergic neurotransmission in detail [2011]
19. Classify anti-depressant drugs. Describe pharmacology of Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) [2011]
20. Explain with suitable examples the use of autonomic agents in the treatment of cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders [2010]
21. Describe pathophysiology and drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. [2016]

Short questions:

1. Tolcapone. [2002]
2. Drug therapy of Alzheimer’s’ disease. [2003, 2017]
3. Phenytoin. [2005]
4. Carbimazole. [2005]
5. Patient controlled analgesia. [2006]
6. Neuropeptides. [2007]
7. Propofol [2009]
8. NMDA receptors. [2003,2005,2008]
9. Cannabinoid receptors. [2006]
10. Opoid receptors [2009]
11. Tamsulosin [2009]
12. Rivastigmine [2009]
13. Discuss the role of anti-depressants in clinical practice [2010]
14. Describe in brief the pharmacology of endorphins and enkephalins [2010]
15. Write about COMT inhibitors used in Parkinson’s disease [2010, 2017]
16. Write in brief about cholinesterase reactivators [2010]
17. Opioids in terminally ill cancer patients [2012,2015]
18. Atypical antipsychotics [2011]
19. Disease modifying therapy in (AD) Alzheimer’s disease [2011]
20. Third generation Beta blockers and their current status [2011]
21. Current status and prospective of newer anti-epileptic drugs [2011]
22. Drugs interacting with alcohol [2010]
23. Intra-venous anesthesia [2010]
24. Treatment of opioid dependence [2013]
25. Adverse effects of phenothiazines [2013]
26. Uses of autonomic drugs in ophthalmology [2013]
27. Actions and uses of autonomic agents in ocular diagnosis and therapy [2010]
28. Cognition enhancers [2014]
29. Local anesthetics [2014]
30. Explain the role of intravenous anesthetic agents in surgery [2015]
31. Endorphins and enkephalins [2016]
32. Write a note on SSRIs [2015]
33. Describe co-transmission in the autonomic nervous system [2016]
34. Write a note on alpha-1 antagonist [2016]
35. Discuss status of lithium carbonate [2016]
36. Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine [2016]
37. Vasoselective anticholinergic agents [2017]
38. Current status of newer anti-epileptic drugs in neuropathic pain [2018]
39. Role of triptans in management of migraine [2018]
40. Psychomimetic drugs [2018]
41. Alpha blockers in benign hypertrophy of prostate [2018]
42. Neuroleptanalgesia [2019]

CVS, Blood & Renal Pharmacology

LQs:

1. Discuss anticoagulants. [2004, 2017]
2. Discuss cardiac action potential & drugs modifying it. [2004]
3. Current & recent advances in treatment of CHF. [2005,2007]
4. Discuss hypolipidemics and management of hyperlipidemias. [2008, 2017]
5. Classify thrombolytic drugs. Discuss site of action, indications and Adverse Drug Reactions of one of the commonly used drugs amongst them [2009]
6. Discuss the role of Calcium Channel Blockers in Cardiovascular disorders [2010]
7. Classify drugs acting on rennin angiotensin system. Discuss the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and uses of enalapril [2012]
8. Discuss drug treatment of shock [2012]
9. Give a detailed account of drug therapy of Ischemic Heart Diseases Including acute myocardial infarction as well as prevention and treatment of its complications [2010]
10. Describe pharmacology of anti-arrhythmic drugs [2013, 2019]
11. Discuss the drug treatment of congestive cardiac failure [2013]
12. Pharmacology of renin angiotensin system. [1999,2003,2007]
13. Diuretics. [1999]
14. Physiology of urine formation & sites of action of diuretics. [2006]
15. Discuss drugs modulating physiology of urine formation. [2008]
16. Discuss current status of thrombolytics and anticoagulants in various disorders [2014]
17. Classify anti-arrhythmic drugs, discuss merits and demerits of class III anti-arrhythmic drugs [2015]
18. Give an account of drugs that modify fluid state of blood [2015]
19. Discuss Pharmacology of potassium channel openers [2015]
20. Discuss the role of ACEIs in clinical practice [2015,2016]
21. Discuss the therapeutic potential of hypolipidemic agents [2016]
22. Classify vasodilators. Explain their mechanism of action. Discuss their therapeutic uses with rationale. [2017]
23. Drugs used in patients with renal insufficiency [2020]

Short questions:

1. Prophylaxis of MI. [2006]
2. Tranexamic acid. [2006]
3. Vasopeptidase inhibitors. [2007]
4. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. [2007]
5. Hematopoietic growth factors [2009]
6. Statins [2009]
7. Describe anti-platelet drugs [2010]
8. Describe guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia [2010]
9. Statins in hyperlipidemia [2011]
10. Parenteral Iron therapy [2011]
11. Current status of GP2b/IIIa inhibitors in acute ischemic stroke [2011]
12. Anti-platelet agents [2010]
13. Potassium sparing diuretics [2013]
14. Omapatrilat [2002]
15. Nephrotoxic drugs. [2008]
16. Role of nitric oxide in health & disease. [1998,2005]
17. Erythropoietin [2014]
18. Pharmacotherapy of bladder dysfunction [2014, 2018]
19. Omega 3 fatty acids in drug therapy of hyperlipidemia [2015]
20. What is the therapeutic status of ACEIs [2015]
21. Role of vasodilators in CHF [2016]
22. Vitamin B12 and folic acid [2016]
23. Pharmacotherapy of prostate enlargement [2015, 2016, 2017]
24. Describe renin inhibitors [2016]
25. Write uses and adverse effects of vit K [2016]
26. Direct thrombin inhibitors [2017]
27. Cytoprotective agents in angina pectoris [2017]
28. ACE inhibitors in clinical practice [2017]
29. Styptics [2018]
30. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in heart failure [2018]
31. Management of hypertensive urgency and emergency [2019]
32. Status of statins in management of dyslipidemia and neurological disorders. [2018]
33. Megakaryocyte growth factors. [2020]
34. Scope of vaptans in therapeutics [2020]

Endocrinology

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in treatment of diabetes mellitus. [1993,1995,1998,1999,2008]
2. Issues & controversies wrt HRT. [2006]
3. Role of leptin & treatment of obesity. [2006]
4. Current trends & RA in Mx of obesity. [2007]
5. Drug therapy of infertility. [2007]
6. Discuss drug treatment of hyperthyroidism [2012]
7. Describe the role of sodium glucose co-transport inhibitors and its therapeutic potentials in Type II DM [2011]
8. Discuss the pharmacology of female sex hormones; their analogues and drugs acting on or modifying their receptors [2010, 2017]
9. Describe MOA of anti-thyroid agents with their adverse effects [2015]
10. Describe pharmacotherapy of obesity [2015]
11. Describe pharmacology of anti-estrogens and anti-progestins [2016]
12. Pharmacotherapy of goiter [2018]
13. Drugs used in treatment of type II diabetes mellitus [2019]
14. Pharmacotherapeutic options as an add-on therapy to metformin in a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus [2017]

Short questions:

1. Hormone replacement therapy and its status. [1999, 2005, 2015]
2. Melatonin. [1999, 2007]
3. S.E.R.Ms. [2004]
4. Bisphosphonates. [2008]
5. Prospects of insulin analogues [2009]
6. Selective estrogen receptor modulators [2009]
7. Drugs used in medical termination of pregnancy [2009]
8. Explain antiallergic and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids [2009]
9. Anorexiants in treatment of obesity [2009]
10. Drug treatment of osteoporosis [2009, 2017]
11. Rosiglitazone [2009]
12. Discuss mechanism of action, adverse effects and clinical status of hormonal contraceptives [2010, 2018, 2020]
13. Antiestrogens [2012]
14. Vasopressin analogues [2012]
15. Oral contraceptives [2011]
16. Glucocorticoids in ocular pharmacology [2011]
17. Newer insulin analogues [2011]
18. Bisphosphonates [2011]
19. Comparison of oxytocin with ergot alkaloids and prostaglandins as oxytocic’s [2010]
20. Glucocorticoids in dermatopharmacology [2010]
21. Vitamin D analogues [2013]
22. Clinical uses of synthetic GnRH analogues [2014]
23. Antiprogestins [2014]
24. Describe drugs used for MTP [2015]
25. Status of currently available anti-obesity drugs [2014]
26. Discuss prolactin inhibitors [2015]
27. Write a note on mifepristone [2015]
28. Write pharmacology of desmopressin [2015]
29. Pharmacological Mx of obesity [2016]
30. Drug therapy of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism [2014]
31. Write briefly on insulin sensitizers [2015]
32. DPP4 inhibitors [2017]
33. Non-hormonal agents affecting calcium homeostasis [2019]
34. Drug treatment of thyroid dysfunction [2019]

GIT

Long questions:

1. Drug therapy of vomiting. [2003,2007]
2. Current & Recent advances in inflammatory bowel disease. [2007]
3. Discuss the pharmacological management of chemotherapy induced nausea vomiting [2011]
4. Discuss the pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease [2013]
5. Discuss pharmacotherapy of acid peptic disease [2014, 2018]
6. Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting [2019]

Short questions:

1. Prokinetics. [1995,1999,2003, 2020]
2. Anti-motility agents. [2004]
3. Antisecretory agents in the management of peptic ulcer [2009]
4. Drug therapy of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease [2009]
5. Discuss pharmacology of prokinetic drugs [2010]
6. Drug treatment of Ulcerative colitis [2012]
7. Drug treatment of H. Pylori infection [2012]
8. Treatment of delayed emesis in cancer patient [2011]
9. Different regimes for H. Pylori eradication [2011]
10. Role of proton pump inhibitors in NSAID toxicity [2011]
11. Drug treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer disease [2010]
12. Role of laxatives in ischemic heart disease [2014]
13. Drug therapy of irritable bowel syndrome [2016]
14. Rationale and therapeutic basis in treatment of peptic ulcer. [2017]
15. Proton pump inhibitors [2017, 2020]
16. Various drug therapies in diabetic gastroparesis [2018]
17. “prescribing proton pump inhibitors”, is it time to pause and rethink? Explain. [2018]
18. Racecadotril [2020]

RS

Long questions:

1. Role of various mediators in asthma. [1994]
2. Recent advances in bronchial asthma. [1998,2006]
3. Drug therapy of asthma. [2003,2007]
4. Describe pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma [2014,2016]
5.  

Short questions:

1. Cromolyn sodium. [2001]
2. Inhaled corticosteroids [2009]
3. Bronchodilators [2012]
4. Inhaled steroids in bronchial asthma [2011]
5. Leukotriene inhibitors in the treatment of allergy [2011, 2019]
6. Drugs used in prevention and treatment of acute attack of bronchial asthma and status asthmaticus [2010]
7. Corticosteroids in bronchial asthma [2013]
8. Write in brief about leukotriene modifiers [2016]
9. Long acting beta agonists and leukotriene inhibitors in management of asthma and allergy. [2018]

Chemotherapy of microbial infections

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in treatment of fungal infections. [1994]
2. Current & new drugs in malaria therapy. [1997,2002]
3. MOA of anti-microbial drugs. [2002]
4. Mechanism of drug resistance to antimicrobials. [2004,2005]
5. Chemotherapy of malaria & Drug therapy of Chloroquine resistant malaria. [2005, 2017]
6. Drug therapy of tuberculosis: current regimens & limitations. [2006]
7. Drugs used in treatment of malaria. [2008]
8. Discuss causes, consequences and, management of Nosocomial infections [2009]
9. Discuss the drug therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis and management of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis patient [2009]
10. Discuss the mechanism of action of antibiotics and mechanisms of development of bacterial resistance. Suggest the measures to reduce and overcome the incidence of resistance [2010, 2018]
11. Discuss the clinical status and limitations of drugs used in the treatment of Malaria [2010]
12. Describe in detail treatment and prophylaxis of HIV positive patient [2011]
13. Discuss in detail fluoroquinolones [2011]
14. Describe role of artemisinin-based combination therapy in falciparum malaria [2015]
15. Describe pharmacology of cephalosporins [2016]
16. Antimicrobial agents which act by interfering in cell wall synthesis [2017]

Short questions:

1. Acyclovir. [2004]
2. Amphotericin-B. [2005]
3. Ivermectin. [2005]
4. b-lactamase inhibitors. [2006]
5. Oseltamivir. [2006]
6. HIV entry inhibitors. [2007]
7. Treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria [2009, 2017]
8. Protease inhibitors [2009]
9. Write about current status of various drug regimes used in treatment of leprosy [2010, 2017]
10. Rational chemoprophylaxis [2012]
11. Current challenges in antimicrobial chemotherapy and role of Newer Beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase inhibitors [2011]
12. Anti-pseudomonal antibiotics [2010, 2017, 2020]
13. Treatment of pseudomonal infections [2013]
14. Describe adverse effects of antibiotic [2015]
15. Write a note on NNRTIs [2015]
16. Rationale for anti-microbial combinations [2016]
17. Drug therapy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis [2016]
18. Outline merits and demerits of glycopeptides [2016]
19. Fluroquinolones in community acquired pneumonia [2018]
20. Monobactams and carbapenems [2019]
21. Rational use of antibiotics [2019]
22. Rational and irrational use of antibiotics and antibiotic policy [2018]
23. Drug treatment of anaerobic infections. [2019]
24. Pharmacology of ketolides as antimicrobial agents [2020]

Cancer chemotherapy & Immunology

Long questions

1. Classify anticancer drugs. Mention general principles of cancer chemotherapy. Give an account to newer approaches to treatment of cancer. [2009]
2. Discuss the pharmacological management of chemotherapy induced nausea vomiting [2011]
3. Drug therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis/RA. [1994,1999,2007]
4. Role of cytokines in health & disease & drugs modifying cytokines. [2007]
5. Discuss pharmacology of immunosuppressants [2015]
6. Use of immunosuppressants after organ transplantation [2017]

Short questions:

1. Monoclonal antibodies. [2007]
2. Immunomodulators [2009, 2011, 2016, 2017, 2019]
3. Immunosuppressants [2012, 2020]
4. Treatment of delayed emesis in cancer patient [2011]
5. Immunomodulators and its current status in clinical practice [2011]
6. Mechanism of action of anti-arthritic agents [2010]
7. Aromatase inhibitors [2013]
8. Calcineurin inhibitors [2013]
9. Describe adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs [2015]
10. Targeted antimalignant drugs [2014]
11. Therapeutic uses of corticosteroids in malignancy [2015,2016]
12. Immunomodulators and their clinical importance [2016]
13. Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants and their current status [2014]
14. Bepotastine in allergic disorder [2014]
15. Write a note on monoclonal antibodies [2016]
16. Write a note on immunostimulants [2016]
17. Write management of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy [2016, 2018]
18. Management of toxicity due to anticancer drugs [2017]
19. Non-endocrine uses of corticosteroids. [2019]

Miscellaneous topics (Ocular and dermatopharmacology, Nutrients, Special topics and others)

1. Pharmacotherapy of acne. [2002]
2. Discuss pharmacology of prostaglandins. [2003]
3. Drug therapy of glaucoma. [2004]
4. Discuss current status & issues related to COX-II inhibitors. [2005]
5. Discuss stem cell therapy: implications & issues. [2006]
6. Gene therapy: indications & limitations. [2007]
7. Discuss the drug therapy of psoriasis [2009]
8. Give the detailed account of recent drugs and current strategies for treatment of glaucoma [2011, 2017]
9. Explain in detail pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma [2011,2016, 2020]
10. Discuss therapeutic uses and adverse effects of ocular anti-hypertensives [2015]
11. Discuss pharmacotherapy of gout [2016, 2020]

SN:

1. Benzimidazoles. [2002]
2. Adenosine. [2002]
3. Nitric oxide. [2003]
4. Endothelins. [2003]
5. Nutraceuticals. [2004]
6. Antioxidants. [2005]
7. Biological response modifiers. [2005,2008]
8. Gene therapy. [2006]
9. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins [2012, 2018]
10. Antioxidants and their clinical uses [2009, 2018, 2020]
11. Heavy metal antagonists [2009]
12. Contrast media for X-ray imaging [2009]
13. Discuss the role of antioxidants in health and disease [2010]
14. What are retinoids and what is their role in dermatopharmacology [2010]
15. Write in brief about chelating agents and their role in heavy metal poisoning [2010, 2017, 2018]
16. Melanizing agent [2012]
17. Management of paracetamol poisoning [2011]
18. Current strategies of chronic iron overload [2011]
19. Keratolytic drugs and its present status [2011]
20. Glucocorticoids in dermatopharmacology [2010]
21. Drug interactions of vitamins [2010]
22. Antidotes [2010]
23. Management of paracetamol poisoning [2011]
24. Vitamin D analogues [2013]
25. Retinoids [2013]
26. Folic acid [2013]
27. Write in brief on “Parenteral Nutritional Supplements” [2015]
28. Antioxidants in health and disease [2014]
29. Explain neuroleptanalgesia [2015, 2019]
30. Describe drug therapy of iron poisoning [2015]
31. Discuss treatment of psoriasis [2015]
32. Compare tetanus toxoid versus tetanus immunoglobulin [2015]
33. Write about current issues and future prospects of stem cell therapy [2015]
34. Issues and challenges in pediatric prescribing [2016]
35. Discuss merits and demerits of radioimmunoassay [2016]
36. Describe applications of gene therapy [2016]
37. Adverse effects of vaccines [2016]
38. Orphan drugs [2014]
39. Describe precautions for use of drugs in lactating mother [2016]
40. Discuss drug treatment of acne [2016]
41. Indications with examples and precautions for topical glucocorticoids. [2017]
42. Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma [2017, 2020]
43. Fat soluble vitamins [2017]
44. Diagnostic use of drugs [2017]
45. Drug treatment of scabies [2017]
46. Alpha adrenergic agonists in glaucoma. [2018]
47. Pharmacology of vitamin D [2020]
48. Prostaglandin analogues [2020]

Recent advances

CNS, PNS & ANS

Long questions:

1. Current & new therapies in parkinsonism. [1992,1995,2005]
2. Recent advances in drug therapy of parkinsonism. [1998,2005]
3. Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine. [2002,2004,2007]
4. Recent advances in drug therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. [2005,2008,2014,2016]
5. Discuss recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy [2009]
6. Describe drug treatment of nicotine dependence [2012]
7. Describe recent advances and current management of newly diagnosed epilepsy [2011]
8. Describe recent advances in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [2013]
9. Discuss the various drugs in the management of dementia of the Alzheimer’s disease type ne [2014]
10. Describe recent advances in the Mx of drug resistant epilepsy [2015]
11. Recent advances in treatment of mental depression. [2017]
12. Discuss various anti-migraine drugs used or treatment of severe migraine with special emphasis on their mechanism of action and rtionale for their use. [2020]

Short questions:

1. Nootropics. [1994,2002,2007]
2. Describe recent advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders [2010]
3. Cerebro-active drugs [2011]
4. Endogenous opioid peptide [2011]
5. Recent advances in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [2011]
6. Recent advances in the treatment of Parkinsonism [2010]
7. Novel targets for analgesia [2010]
8. Dapoxetine in premature ejaculation [2011]
9. Newer anti-epileptic drugs [2014]
10. Atypical antidepressants [2014]
11. Describe role of neuroprotectants in stroke therapy [2015]
12. Describe skeletal muscle relaxants with their therapeutic status [2015]
13. Nootropic and psychoactive drugs [2018]
14. COX-II inhibitors [2018]

CVS & Blood

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in lipid lowering agents. [1999,2002]
2. Recent advances in therapy of CAD. [2003, 2019]
3. Current & recent advances in treatment of CHF. [2005,2007]
4. Describe the present status of drugs used in the management of congestive heart failure [2010]
5. Discuss physiological role and therapeutic potential of endogenous nitric oxide [2012]
6. Describe recent advances in drug therapy of congestive cardiac failure [2011]
7. Discuss recent advances in the pharmacological treatment of coagulation disorder 2014]
8. Give the detail account of recent drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidemia [2014]
9. Describe recent advances in the drug therapy of hypertension [2016, 2018]
10. Current status of newer vasodilators and inotropic drugs in advanced heart failure [2018]

Short questions:

1. Vasopeptidase inhibitors [2006]
2. Colloidal plasma expanders [2009]
3. Antifibrinolytics [2011]
4. Hematopoietic growth factors [2011]
5. Problems and prospective of antiplatelet therapy [2011]
6. Endothelin receptor agonists and antagonists [2010]
7. Comment on recent developments in the treatment of congestive cardiac failure [2013]
8. Write in brief about “blood substitutes” [2013]
9. Pharmacotherapy of pulmonary hypertension [2014]
10. Endothelin receptor antagonists [2015]
11. Pharmacology of antiplatelet agents [2019]
12. Health benefits of atorvastatin. [2018]
13. Haemopoietic growth factors. [2017]
14. Newer beta blockers. [2019]
15. Endothelin receptor antagonists. [2019]

Endocrinology

Long questions:

1. Discuss recent advances in drug therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. Discuss the basis and status of the same [2010,2015, 2020]
2. Describe recent advances in the lipid lowering agents [2014]
3. Describe the pharmacology of vasopressin agonist and antagonist [2015]
4. Recent drug therapy for type II DM and DPP4 inhibitors and their current status. [2018]
5. Recent developments in the field of contraception. [2019]

Short questions:

1. Current trends & RA in Mx of obesity. [2007]
2. Hormone replacement therapy [2009]
3. Drug treatment of erectile dysfunction [2012]
4. Anabolic steroids [2011]
5. Modern insulin (Designer insulin) and its current status [2011]
6. Current concept of drug therapy in obesity [2010]
7. Write a note on bisphosphonates [2013]
8. Write a note on SERM [2015, 2017]
9. Modern designer insulin [2014]
10. Recent advances in management of obesity [2014]
11. Drug therapy for hyperprolactinemia [2014, 2018]
12. Post coital contraception [2014]
13. Outline drug treatment of PCOS [2015]
14. Describe drugs used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction [2015,2016, 2018]
15. Write in brief on hormone modulators [2016]
16. Recent advances in immune-suppressive therapy. [2017]
17. Advances in treatment of thyroid disorders [2017]
18. Insulin delivery system: present trends and future directives. [2018]
19. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) [2017]
20. Incretin based therapy for management of diabetes mellitus [2019]
21. Newer insulin preparations. [2020]

GIT

Long questions:

1. Current & Recent advances in inflammatory bowel disease. [2007]

Short questions:

1. Probiotics: promise, problem and progress [2009,2016]
2. Drug treatment of Irritable bowel [2012]
3. New long acting PPI and their current status [2014]
4. Merits and demerits of probiotics [2020]

RS

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in bronchial asthma. [1998,2006, 2018]
2. Discuss the recent advances in the treatment of bronchial asthma [2010]
3. Write a note on antibiotic prophylaxis in COPD [2016]

Short questions:

1. Leukotriene modifiers [2009,2014]
2. Enumerate recent pharmacological approaches in the treatment of bronchial asthma [2013]
3. Long acting beta agonist in the Mx of asthma [2014]
4. Describe prophylactic uses of bronchodilators [2015]
5. Inhaled steroids in treatment of bronchial asthma. [2017, 2020]
6. Inhaled corticosteroids. [2018]

Chemotherapy of microbial infections

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in therapy of malaria. [1993,1995,1998,1999,2004]
2. Current & new drugs in malaria therapy. [1997,2002]
3. Recent advances in therapy of HIV/AIDS and related disease. [2002,2005,2006,2008]
4. Discuss newer chemotherapeutic agents. [2003]
5. Recent advances in tuberculosis. [2007]
6. Give an account of recent advances in the management of malaria. Add a note on interactions of the drugs used [2011]
7. Give an account of recent advances in the management of HIV-AIDS. Add a note on the interactions of the drugs used. [2010, 2017]
8. Discuss drug therapy of chloroquine resistant malaria [2015]
9. Drugs used in treatment of leprosy with special reference to recent advances. [2017]

Short questions:

1. Oseltamivir [2006]
2. Probiotics: promise, problem and progress [2009]
3. Describe the past and present status of cephalosporins [2010,2015]
4. Drug treatment of H1N1 influenza [2012]
5. Newer Lipoglycopeptides [2011]
6. Role of Immunomodulators in treatment of Multi drug resistant TB [2011, 2018]
7. Pharmacological basis of combination therapy in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis [2014]
8. Recent status and guidelines for the Mx of XDR tuberculosis [2014]
9. Carbapenems and their current status [2014,2015]
10. Treatment of MDR tuberculosis [2014, 2020]
11. Urinary tract infections: Present status [2017]
12. Pharmacotherapy of HIV current trends and future prospects. [2018]
13. Cephalosporins past and present. [2018]
14. Drug treatment of H1N1 influenza [2018]
15. Newer antimalarials. [2019]
16. Newer antifungal agents. [2019]

Cancer chemotherapy & Immunology

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in cancer chemotherapy. [1999,2004,2006, 2020]
2. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis [2009]
3. Give an account of various agents in rheumatoid disease and its effect on quality of life [2011]
4. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy of Ca breast [2014]
5.  

Short questions:

1. State the current trends in hormonal management of breast cancer [2010, 2018]
2. Pharmacological modulation of angiogenesis [2012]
3. Vaccination as a tool for cancer prevention [2012]
4. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents [2010]
5. Treatment of chronic gout [2011]
6. Describe the misuse of anti-histaminics [2015]
7. Write a note on HPV vaccine [2015]
8. New drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy. [2019]

Miscellaneous topics (Ocular and dermatopharmacology, Nutrients, Special topics and others)

Long questions:

1. Recent advances in treatment of glaucoma. [2003]
2. Discuss new uses of old drugs. [2006]
3. Role of pharmacoepidemiology in promoting rational use of drugs [2009]
4. Discuss with suitable examples how advances in instrumentation has improved pharmacodynamic evaluation of drugs in clinical trials [2009]
5. Describe applications of biotechnology to pharmacology and toxicology
6. Give the detail account of recent drugs and current strategies for the treatment of insecticide poisoning [2014]
7. Recent advances of drug therapy of non-infective conditions of the eye. [2017]

Short questions:

1. Gene therapy [2009]
2. Study design in post marketing surveillance [2009]
3. Biotechnology as a source for future drugs [2009]
4. Polymorphism [2009]
5. Intellectual Property Right (IPR) [2009]
6. Integrated treatment approach [2009]
7. Role of pharmacist in management of medical store [2009]
8. Telemedicine [2009]
9. Write about recent advances in vaccines [2010]
10. Write a note on “environmental pharmacology” [2010]
11. Describe newer drug delivery systems [2010, 2017]
12. Glucocorticoids in ocular pharmacology [2011]
13. Overdose of vitamins [2011]
14. 14.Newer drug delivery system [2010]
15. 15.Describe influenza vaccines with their therapeutic status [2013]
16. 16 Comment on “novel drugs” [2013]
17. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors [2010,2014]
18. Neurosteroids [2014]
19. 19.Discuss role of drug designing in drug development [2016]
20. 20.Write a note on ‘online pharmacies’ [2016]
21. Suicidal inhibitors [2014]
22. Drug therapy of pediculosis [2015]
23. What is the current status of anti-oxidant therapy [2015]
24. Write a note on myeloid growth factors [2015]
25. Discuss pharmacology of triptans [2015]
26. Environmental pharmacology. [2017]
27. Biotechnology as a source of future drugs. [2018]
28. Recent advances in alternatives to animal experimentation ion pharmacology. [2018]