Question bank (MD Pharmacology) updated till winter 2019 exam papers.
Contents
- 1 General pharmacology
- 2 Pre-Clinical Pharmacology
- 3 Clinical Pharmacology
- 4 Biostatistics
- 5 Paper I Miscellaneous
- 6 Receptor pharmacology
- 7 Evaluations
- 8 Structure activity relationship
- 9 CNS, PNS & ANS
- 10 CVS, Blood & Renal Pharmacology
- 11 Endocrinology
- 12 GIT
- 13 RS
- 14 Chemotherapy of microbial infections
- 15 Cancer chemotherapy & Immunology
- 16 Miscellaneous topics (Ocular and dermatopharmacology, Nutrients, Special topics and others)
- 17 Recent advances
General pharmacology
Long questions:
- Drug antagonism. [1993,2005]
- Drug interactions. [1995,2005]
- Drug receptor interactions. [1998,1999,2007]
- PK-PD changes and Principles of drug use in pregnancy. [2002,2007,2008]
- Factors affecting bioavailability. [2004]
- Drug delivery systems with examples. [2006]
- How liver & kidney affect pharmacokinetics of drug with examples. [2006]
- Discuss pharmacokinetic factors modifying drug action. [2007, 2019]
- Practical considerations to be used in pediatrics. [2007]
- Discuss pharmacovigilance. [2007,2015]
- Discuss Receptor mediated mechanism of drug action. [2009]
- Classify Adverse Drug Reactions and explain their subtypes. Discuss in general ways to prevent, suspect, early diagnose and treat Severe Adverse drug reactions with suitable examples. [2010]
- Discuss the role of biotransformation in drug action [2011,2015]
- Describe pharmacokinetic parameters and their applied pharmacology in detail [2011]
- Discuss types of drug antagonisms with their clinical importance [2012,2015]
- Discuss the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring [2013,2014]
- Describe National Pharmacovigilance network. Discuss functions and scope of regional pharmacovigilance [2009]
- Write an essay on Pharmacovigilance in India [2014]
- Write in detail about ethical issues in drug research [2016]
- Describe adverse drug reactions and therapeutic drug monitoring [2016]
- Give an account of development of new drugs [2016]
- Discuss concepts of drug clearance, its determination and factors affecting it. [2017]
- “The concept of receptor is important in understanding the mechanism of action of certain drugs.” Explain with suitable examples. [2018]
- 5HT receptors, their subtypes, agonists and antagonists. [2018]
Short notes:
- Essential drug list. [1992,1998,2007]
- New drug delivery systems. [1993,1997,2007,2014, 2017]
- Placebo. [1995,2005,2007]
- Presynaptic receptors. [2002]
- Saturation kinetics. [2003]
- Hypersensitivity reactions. [2004]
- Pharmacovigilance. [2005,2006]
- Pharmacogenomics. [2005,2008]
- Discuss Biological half-life of drugs and its clinical significance. [2005,2015]
- Therapeutic drug monitoring. [2006,2007,2015]
- Second messenger systems. [2006]
- Pharmacoepidemiology. [2006]
- Drug induced agranulocytosis. [2007]
- Pharmacogenomics. [2008]
- Drug targeting [2009,2015]
- Problems of drug use in old age [2009]
- Dangers of polypharmacy in drug prescribing [2009]
- Therapeutic drug monitoring [2009]
- Enzymes as targets for drug action [2009]
- Irrational use of drugs. [2009]
- Importance of structure activity relationship of a drug [2010]
- Volume of distribution [2010]
- Write briefly about rational use of drugs [2010]
- Discuss protein binding of drugs with its clinical significance [2010]
- State the current status of Pharmacogenomics [2010]
- Describe ethical aspects in drug promotion [2010]
- Describe the role of pharmacogenomics in drug discovery and drug development [2011]
- Describe the various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance [2011]
- Drug tolerance [2011]
- Prodrugs and its clinical significance [2011]
- Problems of drug use in Pediatric patient [2011]
- Factors modifying the drug action [2011]
- Essential drugs [2012]
- Liposomal drug delivery system [2012,2013,2014]
- Discuss ‘P’ drug concept and its importance [2013,2014,2015]
- Non-competitive drug antagonism [2013]
- Issues and challenges in geriatric prescribing [2012]
- Drugs in pregnancy [2011]
- Pharmacogenetics [2014]
- Placebo and nocebo [2014]
- Drug dependence [2014]
- Write a note on drug withdrawal [2015]
- Rational use of drugs [2016]
- Write on first pass effect of drugs [2016]
- Non-competitive drug antagonism [2014]
- Describe role of placebo in therapeutics [2015]
- Describe pros and cons of prescribing drugs by generic names [2015]
- Write a note on PvPI [2016]
- Explain the role and status of contract research organizations [2016]
- What are the provisions under drugs schedule H [2016]
- Orphan drugs [2017]
- Computer assisted learning in pharmacology [2017]
- ADR monitoring system in India [2017]
- Drug interactions of warfarin [2017]
- Therapeutic drug monitoring [2017}
- Describe various methods of prolongation of drug action [2017]
- Describe various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance [2017]
- Teratogenicity [2017]
- Preclinical toxicity studies [2018]
- Drug-drug interactions [2018]
- Spectrophotometry [2018]
- Clinical trial report writing [2019]
- G protein coupled receptors [2019]
- Research fraud and misconduct [2019]
- Photometric methods [2019]
- Co-transmission [2019]
- Peptide neurotransmitters [2019]
- Various neurotransmitters and their current status in various disorders. Explain in brief “co-transmission”. [2018]
- Role of modern drugs in reverse pharmacology. [2018]
- Various pharmacokinetic parameters and its significance. Explain in brief bioavailability and bioequivalence. [2018]
Pre-Clinical Pharmacology
Long Questions:
- Discuss CPCSEA guidelines [2005,2008]
- Describe current concepts in use of animals in drug research with special reference to ethics [2009]
Short questions:
- Use of inbred animals. [2006]
- Euthanasia in experimental animals. [2007]
- Errors in experimentation. [2008]
- Chronic toxicity studies of drug [1993,1998,2002]
- Preclinical toxicity studies. [1993,1997,1998,1999,2003,2005,2007,2007]
- Expt approach to assess genotoxic potential of drugs. [2007]
- Discuss various methods to test the teratogenicity of drugs. [2008]
- Compare rabbit and rat as an experimental animal [2016]
- Discuss alternatives to animal experiments [2016]
Clinical Pharmacology
Long questions:
- Phases of clinical trials. [1998,2002,2005,2006]
- Design protocol for phase II trial of lipid lowering agent. [2005]
- Protocol for phase II trial of anti-hypertensive. [2006]
- Protocol for phase III trial of anti-diabetic drug. [2006]
- Ethical & legal issues in clinical trials. [2007]
- Define Bioequivalence. Explain the elements of bioequivalence study [2009
- Bioavailability & bioequivalence testing of drugs. [2006]
- Define Bioequivalence. Explain the elements of bioequivalence study [2009]
- Describe the role of Biostatistics in clinical trial. Discuss phase zero (Micro dosing) and role of Placebo in clinical trial [2011]
- Describe historical development and the current status of ethical issues in clinical research [2013]
- Define clinical trials and discuss Phase 0 (micro dosing), phase I, phase II, phase III, phase IV and phase V of clinical trials [2017]
- Discuss ethical issues related to clinical trials and describe the role of placebo in clinical trials [2018]
Short notes:
- Biomarkers. [2006,2015]
- Merits and demerits of multi-centric clinical trials [2009]
- Randomization methods [2009]
- Informed written consent [2009]
- Bioavailability studies [2010]
- Describe post-marketing surveillance [2010,2015. 2018]
- Importance of sample size [2011]
- Case Report Form [2011]
- Phases of new drug development [2011]
- Sample size determination [2012]
- Strength of evidence [2012]
- Conflict of interest in drug research [2012]
- Surrogate markers in clinical trials [2013,2014]
- Study design in post marketing surveillance [2009]
- Schedule Y of drugs [2014]
- Crossover study designs [2017]
- Bioequivalence [2019]
- Role of questionnaire in drug evaluation. [2018]
- Phase III and phase IV clinical trial. Discuss schedule Y.
Biostatistics
Long question:
- Describe the role of Biostatistics in clinical trial. Discuss phase zero (Micro dosing) and role of Placebo in clinical trial [2011]
Short questions:
- Nonparametric tests [1993, 1994, 1998, 2005, 2010]
- Student t test [1992, 2009,2016, 2017, 2018]
- Importance of ‘p’ value [1995, 1997, 2005]
- Chi square test [2002, 2010]
- ANOVA [2005, 2006]
- Parametric tests [2007, 2013,2014,2015]
- Paired t test [2009]
- Importance of sample size [2011]
- Sample size determination [2012]
- Paired ‘t’ test [2014]
- Explain the interpretation of ‘p’ value in statistical analysis [2016]
- Non-parametric tests of significance [2017, 2019]
- Role and scope of biostatistics in clinical trials with significance and importance of various statistical tests. [2018]
Paper I Miscellaneous
Short questions:
- HPLC. [1993,2007,2008]
- ELISA [1995,2005,2010]
- Chemical assay. [2002,2003]
- Chromatographic assay techniques [2009]
- Radioimmunoassay [2012]
- Immunological bioassay [2011]
- Chrono pharmacology and its significance [2011, 2017, 2018]
- Chiral drugs and its significance [2011]
- Discuss principle and clinical utility of HPLC [2015]
Receptor pharmacology
- Pharmacology of calcium channel blockers. [1994,1995,2005]
- Pharmacology of opioid receptors and drugs acting on it. [1995,2002,2008]
- Pharmacology of dopamine receptors. [2003]
- Drugs affecting dopaminergic system. [2006]
- Drugs modulating potassium channels. [2006]
- Pathophysiological role of GABA & drugs modulating it. [2006]
- Role of NMDA receptors & drugs affecting it. [2007]
- Give an account of 5-HT receptors, their subtypes and their agonists and antagonists [2010]
- Describe the basis for and uses of drugs acting by altering 5HT concentration by acting on 5HT receptors [2010, 2017]
Short questions:
- NMDA receptors. [2003,2005,2008]
- COX-2 inhibitors. [2004]
- Cannabinoid receptors. [2006]
- Opioid receptors [2009]
- 5HT receptor antagonists [2009]
- H3 and H4 histaminergic receptors and their antagonists [2013]
- Second generation anti-histaminics [2014]
- Melatonin receptor antagonist [2014]
- Neuropeptide receptors-drugs and current status [2014]
Evaluations
Long questions:
- Eval. of anti-ulcer agents. [1993,2005, 2018]
- Eval. of anti-epileptic. [1993,1995,1999,2002,2003]
- Eval. of local anesthetics. [1994,1995,2005]
- Eval. of analgesics. [1997,2006,2015]
- Eval. of anti-malarial. [1998,2007]
- Eval. of anti-microbial. [2003]
- Eval. of hepatoprotectives. [2005,2008]
- Experimental models for drugs in parkinsonism. [2006, 2019]
- Eval. of anti-diabetic agents. [2007]
- Discuss experimental and clinical evaluation of antidiabetic drugs [2009]
- Describe various clinical and experimental methods for evaluation of anti-anginal drugs [2010]
- Describe methods of experimental and clinical evaluation of diuretics [2012]
- Describe various experimental methods used for evaluation of analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents [2011,2015]
- Describe the various experimental evaluation methods of cardiac antiarrhythmic drugs and cardio tonic activity [2011]
- Enumerate, describe and compare various experimental and clinical methods for evaluation of anti-epileptic agents [2010]
- Describe the methods of experimental and clinical evaluation of a new antihypertensive drug [2013,2014]
- Describe preclinical evaluation of drugs claimed to useful in type 2 diabetes mellitus [2016]
- Describe various clinical and experimental methods for evaluation of anti-anginal drugs [2017]
- Enumerate, describe and compare various experimental and clinical methods used for evaluation of anti-hypertensive agents [2017, 2018]
Short questions:
- Clinical evaluation of anti-inflammatory agents [2009]
- Role of questionnaire in drug evaluation [2010]
- Experimental evaluation of anti-hypertensive agents [2009]
Structure activity relationship
- Role of SAR in new drug development. [1992,1995,1998,2005]
- SAR-corticosteroids. [1993,1998,2005]
- SAR-steroids. [1995,2002]
- SAR-adrenergic agonists & antagonists. [2006]
CNS, PNS & ANS
Long questions:
- Current opioids in therapeutics. [1997, 2003]
- Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine. [2002,2004,2007]
- Current & new therapies in parkinsonism. [1992,1995,2005]
- Drug therapy of epilepsy/current status of AEDs. [1999,2006,2007]
- Discuss peripheral cholinergic transmission. [2004]
- Drug therapy of psychosis. [2006]
- Drug dependence & its management. [2006]
- Drug therapy of insomnia. [2008]
- Discuss the importance of neurochemical transmission in central nervous system. Explain how drugs modify neurotransmission. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples [2009]
- Enumerate polypeptide which stimulates smooth muscles. Describe the methods used for their identification and estimation [2009]
- Pharmacology of opioid receptors and drugs acting on it. [1995,2002,2008]
- Pharmacology of dopamine receptors. [2003]
- Drugs affecting dopaminergic system. [2006]
- Pathophysiological role of GABA & drugs modulating it. [2006]
- Role of NMDA receptors & drugs affecting it. [2007]
- Describe pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of anxiety. Discuss also the choice of antianxiety drugs in various anxiety disorders [2012]
- Drugs for prophylaxis of migraine [2012]
- Describe adrenergic neurotransmission in detail [2011]
- Classify anti-depressant drugs. Describe pharmacology of Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) [2011]
- Explain with suitable examples the use of autonomic agents in the treatment of cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders [2010]
- Describe pathophysiology and drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. [2016]
Short questions:
- Tolcapone. [2002]
- Drug therapy of Alzheimer’s’ disease. [2003, 2017]
- Phenytoin. [2005]
- Carbimazole. [2005]
- Patient controlled analgesia. [2006]
- Neuropeptides. [2007]
- Propofol [2009]
- NMDA receptors. [2003,2005,2008]
- Cannabinoid receptors. [2006]
- Opoid receptors [2009]
- Tamsulosin [2009]
- Rivastigmine [2009]
- Discuss the role of anti-depressants in clinical practice [2010]
- Describe in brief the pharmacology of endorphins and enkephalins [2010]
- Write about COMT inhibitors used in Parkinson’s disease [2010, 2017]
- Write in brief about cholinesterase reactivators [2010]
- Opioids in terminally ill cancer patients [2012,2015]
- Atypical antipsychotics [2011]
- Disease modifying therapy in (AD) Alzheimer’s disease [2011]
- Third generation Beta blockers and their current status [2011]
- Current status and prospective of newer anti-epileptic drugs [2011]
- Drugs interacting with alcohol [2010]
- Intra-venous anesthesia [2010]
- Treatment of opioid dependence [2013]
- Adverse effects of phenothiazines [2013]
- Uses of autonomic drugs in ophthalmology [2013]
- Actions and uses of autonomic agents in ocular diagnosis and therapy [2010]
- Cognition enhancers [2014]
- Local anesthetics [2014]
- Explain the role of intravenous anesthetic agents in surgery [2015]
- Endorphins and enkephalins [2016]
- Write a note on SSRIs [2015]
- Describe co-transmission in the autonomic nervous system [2016]
- Write a note on alpha-1 antagonist [2016]
- Discuss status of lithium carbonate [2016]
- Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine [2016]
- Vasoselective anticholinergic agents [2017]
- Current status of newer anti-epileptic drugs in neuropathic pain [2018]
- Role of triptans in management of migraine [2018]
- Psychomimetic drugs [2018]
- Alpha blockers in benign hypertrophy of prostate [2018]
- Neuroleptanalgesia [2019]
CVS, Blood & Renal Pharmacology
LQs:
- Discuss anticoagulants. [2004, 2017]
- Discuss cardiac action potential & drugs modifying it. [2004]
- Current & recent advances in treatment of CHF. [2005,2007]
- Discuss hypolipidemics and management of hyperlipidemias. [2008, 2017]
- Classify thrombolytic drugs. Discuss site of action, indications and Adverse Drug Reactions of one of the commonly used drugs amongst them [2009]
- Discuss the role of Calcium Channel Blockers in Cardiovascular disorders [2010]
- Classify drugs acting on rennin angiotensin system. Discuss the pharmacological actions, adverse effects and uses of enalapril [2012]
- Discuss drug treatment of shock [2012]
- Give a detailed account of drug therapy of Ischemic Heart Diseases Including acute myocardial infarction as well as prevention and treatment of its complications [2010]
- Describe pharmacology of anti-arrhythmic drugs [2013, 2019]
- Discuss the drug treatment of congestive cardiac failure [2013]
- Pharmacology of renin angiotensin system. [1999,2003,2007]
- Diuretics. [1999]
- Physiology of urine formation & sites of action of diuretics. [2006]
- Discuss drugs modulating physiology of urine formation. [2008]
- Discuss current status of thrombolytics and anticoagulants in various disorders [2014]
- Classify anti-arrhythmic drugs, discuss merits and demerits of class III anti-arrhythmic drugs [2015]
- Give an account of drugs that modify fluid state of blood [2015]
- Discuss Pharmacology of potassium channel openers [2015]
- Discuss the role of ACEIs in clinical practice [2015,2016]
- Discuss the therapeutic potential of hypolipidemic agents [2016]
- Classify vasodilators. Explain their mechanism of action. Discuss their therapeutic uses with rationale. [2017]
Short questions:
- Prophylaxis of MI. [2006]
- Tranexamic acid. [2006]
- Vasopeptidase inhibitors. [2007]
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. [2007]
- Hematopoietic growth factors [2009]
- Statins [2009]
- Describe anti-platelet drugs [2010]
- Describe guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia [2010]
- Statins in hyperlipidemia [2011]
- Parenteral Iron therapy [2011]
- Current status of GP2b/IIIa inhibitors in acute ischemic stroke [2011]
- Anti-platelet agents [2010]
- Potassium sparing diuretics [2013]
- Omapatrilat [2002]
- Nephrotoxic drugs. [2008]
- Role of nitric oxide in health & disease. [1998,2005]
- Erythropoietin [2014]
- Pharmacotherapy of bladder dysfunction [2014, 2018]
- Omega 3 fatty acids in drug therapy of hyperlipidemia [2015]
- What is the therapeutic status of ACEIs [2015]
- Role of vasodilators in CHF [2016]
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid [2016]
- Pharmacotherapy of prostate enlargement [2015, 2016, 2017]
- Describe renin inhibitors [2016]
- Write uses and adverse effects of vit K [2016]
- Direct thrombin inhibitors [2017]
- Cytoprotective agents in angina pectoris [2017]
- ACE inhibitors in clinical practice [2017]
- Styptics [2018]
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in heart failure [2018]
- Management of hypertensive urgency and emergency [2019]
- Status of statins in management of dyslipidemia and neurological disorders. [2018]
Endocrinology
Long questions:
- Recent advances in treatment of diabetes mellitus. [1993,1995,1998,1999,2008]
- Issues & controversies wrt HRT. [2006]
- Role of leptin & treatment of obesity. [2006]
- Current trends & RA in Mx of obesity. [2007]
- Drug therapy of infertility. [2007]
- Discuss drug treatment of hyperthyroidism [2012]
- Describe the role of sodium glucose co-transport inhibitors and its therapeutic potentials in Type II DM [2011]
- Discuss the pharmacology of female sex hormones; their analogues and drugs acting on or modifying their receptors [2010, 2017]
- Describe MOA of anti-thyroid agents with their adverse effects [2015]
- Describe pharmacotherapy of obesity [2015]
- Describe pharmacology of anti-estrogens and anti-progestins [2016]
- Pharmacotherapy of goiter [2018]
- Drugs used in treatment of type II diabetes mellitus [2019]
- Pharmacotherapeutic options as an add-on therapy to metformin in a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus [2017]
Short questions:
- Hormone replacement therapy and its status. [1999, 2005, 2015]
- Melatonin. [1999, 2007]
- S.E.R.Ms. [2004]
- Bisphosphonates. [2008]
- Prospects of insulin analogues [2009]
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators [2009]
- Drugs used in medical termination of pregnancy [2009]
- Explain antiallergic and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids [2009]
- Anorexiants in treatment of obesity [2009]
- Drug treatment of osteoporosis [2009, 2017]
- Rosiglitazone [2009]
- Discuss mechanism of action, adverse effects and clinical status of hormonal contraceptives [2010, 2018]
- Antiestrogens [2012]
- Vasopressin analogues [2012]
- Oral contraceptives [2011]
- Glucocorticoids in ocular pharmacology [2011]
- Newer insulin analogues [2011]
- Bisphosphonates [2011]
- Comparison of oxytocin with ergot alkaloids and prostaglandins as oxytocic’s [2010]
- Glucocorticoids in dermatopharmacology [2010]
- Vitamin D analogues [2013]
- Clinical uses of synthetic GnRH analogues [2014]
- Antiprogestins [2014]
- Describe drugs used for MTP [2015]
- Status of currently available anti-obesity drugs [2014]
- Discuss prolactin inhibitors [2015]
- Write a note on mifepristone [2015]
- Write pharmacology of desmopressin [2015]
- Pharmacological Mx of obesity [2016]
- Drug therapy of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism [2014]
- Write briefly on insulin sensitizers [2015]
- DPP4 inhibitors [2017]
- Non-hormonal agents affecting calcium homeostasis [2019]
- Drug treatment of thyroid dysfunction [2019]
GIT
Long questions:
- Drug therapy of vomiting. [2003,2007]
- Current & Recent advances in inflammatory bowel disease. [2007]
- Discuss the pharmacological management of chemotherapy induced nausea vomiting [2011]
- Discuss the pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease [2013]
- Discuss pharmacotherapy of acid peptic disease [2014, 2018]
- Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting [2019]
Short questions:
- Prokinetics. [1995,1999,2003]
- Anti-motility agents. [2004]
- Antisecretory agents in the management of peptic ulcer [2009]
- Drug therapy of Gastro-esophageal reflux disease [2009]
- Discuss pharmacology of prokinetic drugs [2010]
- Drug treatment of Ulcerative colitis [2012]
- Drug treatment of H. Pylori infection [2012]
- Treatment of delayed emesis in cancer patient [2011]
- Different regimes for H. Pylori eradication [2011]
- Role of proton pump inhibitors in NSAID toxicity [2011]
- Drug treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer disease [2010]
- Role of laxatives in ischemic heart disease [2014]
- Drug therapy of irritable bowel syndrome [2016]
- Rationale and therapeutic basis in treatment of peptic ulcer. [2017]
- Proton pump inhibitors [2017]
- Various drug therapies in diabetic gastroparesis [2018]
- “prescribing proton pump inhibitors”, is it time to pause and rethink? Explain. [2018]
RS
Long questions:
- Role of various mediators in asthma. [1994]
- Recent advances in bronchial asthma. [1998,2006]
- Drug therapy of asthma. [2003,2007]
- Describe pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma [2014,2016]
Short questions:
- Cromolyn sodium. [2001]
- Inhaled corticosteroids [2009]
- Bronchodilators [2012]
- Inhaled steroids in bronchial asthma [2011]
- Leukotriene inhibitors in the treatment of allergy [2011, 2019]
- Drugs used in prevention and treatment of acute attack of bronchial asthma and status asthmaticus [2010]
- Corticosteroids in bronchial asthma [2013]
- Write in brief about leukotriene modifiers [2016]
- Long acting beta agonists and leukotriene inhibitors in management of asthma and allergy. [2018]
Chemotherapy of microbial infections
Long questions:
- Recent advances in treatment of fungal infections. [1994]
- Current & new drugs in malaria therapy. [1997,2002]
- MOA of anti-microbial drugs. [2002]
- Mechanism of drug resistance to antimicrobials. [2004,2005]
- Chemotherapy of malaria & Drug therapy of Chloroquine resistant malaria. [2005, 2017]
- Drug therapy of tuberculosis: current regimens & limitations. [2006]
- Drugs used in treatment of malaria. [2008]
- Discuss causes, consequences and, management of Nosocomial infections [2009]
- Discuss the drug therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis and management of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis patient [2009]
- Discuss the mechanism of action of antibiotics and mechanisms of development of bacterial resistance. Suggest the measures to reduce and overcome the incidence of resistance [2010, 2018]
- Discuss the clinical status and limitations of drugs used in the treatment of Malaria [2010]
- Describe in detail treatment and prophylaxis of HIV positive patient [2011]
- Discuss in detail fluoroquinolones [2011]
- Describe role of artemisinin-based combination therapy in falciparum malaria [2015]
- Describe pharmacology of cephalosporins [2016]
- Antimicrobial agents which act by interfering in cell wall synthesis [2017]
Short questions:
- Acyclovir. [2004]
- Amphotericin-B. [2005]
- Ivermectin. [2005]
- b-lactamase inhibitors. [2006]
- Oseltamivir. [2006]
- HIV entry inhibitors. [2007]
- Treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria [2009, 2017]
- Protease inhibitors [2009]
- Write about current status of various drug regimes used in treatment of leprosy [2010, 2017]
- Rational chemoprophylaxis [2012]
- Current challenges in antimicrobial chemotherapy and role of Newer Beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase inhibitors [2011]
- Anti-pseudomonal antibiotics [2010, 2017]
- Treatment of pseudomonal infections [2013]
- Describe adverse effects of antibiotic [2015]
- Write a note on NNRTIs [2015]
- Rationale for anti-microbial combinations [2016]
- Drug therapy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis [2016]
- Outline merits and demerits of glycopeptides [2016]
- Fluroquinolones in community acquired pneumonia [2018]
- Monobactams and carbapenems [2019]
- Rational use of antibiotics [2019]
- Rational and irrational use of antibiotics and antibiotic policy [2018]
- Drug treatment of anaerobic infections. [2019]
Cancer chemotherapy & Immunology
Long questions
- Classify anticancer drugs. Mention general principles of cancer chemotherapy. Give an account to newer approaches to treatment of cancer. [2009]
- Discuss the pharmacological management of chemotherapy induced nausea vomiting [2011]
- Drug therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis/RA. [1994,1999,2007]
- Role of cytokines in health & disease & drugs modifying cytokines. [2007]
- Discuss pharmacology of immunosuppressants [2015]
- Use of immunosuppressants after organ transplantation [2017]
Short questions:
- Monoclonal antibodies. [2007]
- Immunomodulators [2009, 2011, 2016, 2017, 2019]
- Immunosuppressants [2012]
- Treatment of delayed emesis in cancer patient [2011]
- Immunomodulators and its current status in clinical practice [2011]
- Mechanism of action of anti-arthritic agents [2010]
- Aromatase inhibitors [2013]
- Calcineurin inhibitors [2013]
- Describe adverse effects of anti-cancer drugs [2015]
- Targeted antimalignant drugs [2014]
- Therapeutic uses of corticosteroids in malignancy [2015,2016]
- Immunomodulators and their clinical importance [2016]
- Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants and their current status [2014]
- Bepotastine in allergic disorder [2014]
- Write a note on monoclonal antibodies [2016]
- Write a note on immunostimulants [2016]
- Write management of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy [2016, 2018]
- Management of toxicity due to anticancer drugs [2017]
- Non-endocrine uses of corticosteroids. [2019]
Miscellaneous topics (Ocular and dermatopharmacology, Nutrients, Special topics and others)
- Pharmacotherapy of acne. [2002]
- Discuss pharmacology of prostaglandins. [2003]
- Drug therapy of glaucoma. [2004]
- Discuss current status & issues related to COX-II inhibitors. [2005]
- Discuss stem cell therapy: implications & issues. [2006]
- Gene therapy: indications & limitations. [2007]
- Discuss the drug therapy of psoriasis [2009]
- Give the detailed account of recent drugs and current strategies for treatment of glaucoma [2011, 2017]
- Explain in detail pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma [2011,2016]
- Discuss therapeutic uses and adverse effects of ocular anti-hypertensives [2015]
- Discuss pharmacotherapy of gout [2016]
SN:
- Benzimidazoles. [2002]
- Adenosine. [2002]
- Nitric oxide. [2003]
- Endothelins. [2003]
- Nutraceuticals. [2004]
- Antioxidants. [2005]
- Biological response modifiers. [2005,2008]
- Gene therapy. [2006]
- Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins [2012, 2018]
- Antioxidants and their clinical uses [2009, 2018]
- Heavy metal antagonists [2009]
- Contrast media for X-ray imaging [2009]
- Discuss the role of antioxidants in health and disease [2010]
- What are retinoids and what is their role in dermatopharmacology [2010]
- Write in brief about chelating agents and their role in heavy metal poisoning [2010, 2017, 2018]
- Melanizing agent [2012]
- Management of paracetamol poisoning [2011]
- Current strategies of chronic iron overload [2011]
- Keratolytic drugs and its present status [2011]
- Glucocorticoids in dermatopharmacology [2010]
- Drug interactions of vitamins [2010]
- Antidotes [2010]
- Management of paracetamol poisoning [2011]
- Vitamin D analogues [2013]
- Retinoids [2013]
- Folic acid [2013]
- Write in brief on “Parenteral Nutritional Supplements” [2015]
- Antioxidants in health and disease [2014]
- Explain neuroleptanalgesia [2015, 2019]
- Describe drug therapy of iron poisoning [2015]
- Discuss treatment of psoriasis [2015]
- Compare tetanus toxoid versus tetanus immunoglobulin [2015]
- Write about current issues and future prospects of stem cell therapy [2015]
- Issues and challenges in pediatric prescribing [2016]
- Discuss merits and demerits of radioimmunoassay [2016]
- Describe applications of gene therapy [2016]
- Adverse effects of vaccines [2016]
- Orphan drugs [2014]
- Describe precautions for use of drugs in lactating mother [2016]
- Discuss drug treatment of acne [2016]
- Indications with examples and precautions for topical glucocorticoids. [2017]
- Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma [2017]
- Fat soluble vitamins [2017]
- Diagnostic use of drugs [2017]
- Drug treatment of scabies [2017]
- Alpha adrenergic agonists in glaucoma. [2018]
Recent advances
CNS, PNS & ANS
Long questions:
- Current & new therapies in parkinsonism. [1992,1995,2005]
- Recent advances in drug therapy of parkinsonism. [1998,2005]
- Recent advances/drug therapy of migraine. [2002,2004,2007]
- Recent advances in drug therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. [2005,2008,2014,2016]
- Discuss recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy [2009]
- Describe drug treatment of nicotine dependence [2012]
- Describe recent advances and current management of newly diagnosed epilepsy [2011]
- Describe recent advances in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [2013]
- Discuss the various drugs in the management of dementia of the Alzheimer’s disease type ne [2014]
- Describe recent advances in the Mx of drug resistant epilepsy [2015]
- Recent advances in treatment of mental depression. [2017]
Short questions:
- Nootropics. [1994,2002,2007]
- Describe recent advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders [2010]
- Cerebro-active drugs [2011]
- Endogenous opioid peptide [2011]
- Recent advances in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [2011]
- Recent advances in the treatment of Parkinsonism [2010]
- Novel targets for analgesia [2010]
- Dapoxetine in premature ejaculation [2011]
- Newer anti-epileptic drugs [2014]
- Atypical antidepressants [2014]
- Describe role of neuroprotectants in stroke therapy [2015]
- Describe skeletal muscle relaxants with their therapeutic status [2015]
- Nootropic and psychoactive drugs [2018]
- COX-II inhibitors [2018]
CVS & Blood
Long questions:
- Recent advances in lipid lowering agents. [1999,2002]
- Recent advances in therapy of CAD. [2003, 2019]
- Current & recent advances in treatment of CHF. [2005,2007]
- Describe the present status of drugs used in the management of congestive heart failure [2010]
- Discuss physiological role and therapeutic potential of endogenous nitric oxide [2012]
- Describe recent advances in drug therapy of congestive cardiac failure [2011]
- Discuss recent advances in the pharmacological treatment of coagulation disorder 2014]
- Give the detail account of recent drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidemia [2014]
- Describe recent advances in the drug therapy of hypertension [2016, 2018]
- Current status of newer vasodilators and inotropic drugs in advanced heart failure [2018]
Short questions:
- Vasopeptidase inhibitors [2006]
- Colloidal plasma expanders [2009]
- Antifibrinolytics [2011]
- Hematopoietic growth factors [2011]
- Problems and prospective of antiplatelet therapy [2011]
- Endothelin receptor agonists and antagonists [2010]
- Comment on recent developments in the treatment of congestive cardiac failure [2013]
- Write in brief about “blood substitutes” [2013]
- Pharmacotherapy of pulmonary hypertension [2014]
- Endothelin receptor antagonists [2015]
- Pharmacology of antiplatelet agents [2019]
- Health benefits of atorvastatin. [2018]
- Haemopoietic growth factors. [2017]
- Newer beta blockers. [2019]
- Endothelin receptor antagonists. [2019]
Endocrinology
Long questions:
- Discuss recent advances in drug therapy of Diabetes Mellitus. Discuss the basis and status of the same [2010,2015]
- Describe recent advances in the lipid lowering agents [2014]
- Describe the pharmacology of vasopressin agonist and antagonist [2015]
- Recent drug therapy for type II DM and DPP4 inhibitors and their current status. [2018]
- Recent developments in the field of contraception. [2019]
Short questions:
- Current trends & RA in Mx of obesity. [2007]
- Hormone replacement therapy [2009]
- Drug treatment of erectile dysfunction [2012]
- Anabolic steroids [2011]
- Modern insulin (Designer insulin) and its current status [2011]
- Current concept of drug therapy in obesity [2010]
- Write a note on bisphosphonates [2013]
- Write a note on SERM [2015, 2017]
- Modern designer insulin [2014]
- Recent advances in management of obesity [2014]
- Drug therapy for hyperprolactinemia [2014, 2018]
- Post coital contraception [2014]
- Outline drug treatment of PCOS [2015]
- Describe drugs used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction [2015,2016, 2018]
- Write in brief on hormone modulators [2016]
- Recent advances in immune-suppressive therapy. [2017]
- Advances in treatment of thyroid disorders [2017]
- Insulin delivery system: present trends and future directives. [2018]
- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) [2017]
- Incretin based therapy for management of diabetes mellitus [2019]
GIT
Long questions:
- Current & Recent advances in inflammatory bowel disease. [2007]
Short questions:
- Probiotics: promise, problem and progress [2009,2016]
- Drug treatment of Irritable bowel [2012]
- New long acting PPI and their current status [2014]
RS
Long questions:
- Recent advances in bronchial asthma. [1998,2006, 2018]
- Discuss the recent advances in the treatment of bronchial asthma [2010]
- Write a note on antibiotic prophylaxis in COPD [2016]
Short questions:
- Leukotriene modifiers [2009,2014]
- Enumerate recent pharmacological approaches in the treatment of bronchial asthma [2013]
- Long acting beta agonist in the Mx of asthma [2014]
- Describe prophylactic uses of bronchodilators [2015]
- Inhaled steroids in treatment of bronchial asthma. [2017]
- Inhaled corticosteroids. [2018]
Chemotherapy of microbial infections
Long questions:
- Recent advances in therapy of malaria. [1993,1995,1998,1999,2004]
- Current & new drugs in malaria therapy. [1997,2002]
- Recent advances in therapy of HIV/AIDS and related disease. [2002,2005,2006,2008]
- Discuss newer chemotherapeutic agents. [2003]
- Recent advances in tuberculosis. [2007]
- Give an account of recent advances in the management of malaria. Add a note on interactions of the drugs used [2011]
- Give an account of recent advances in the management of HIV-AIDS. Add a note on the interactions of the drugs used. [2010, 2017]
- Discuss drug therapy of chloroquine resistant malaria [2015]
- Drugs used in treatment of leprosy with special reference to recent advances. [2017]
Short questions:
- Oseltamivir [2006]
- Probiotics: promise, problem and progress [2009]
- Describe the past and present status of cephalosporins [2010,2015]
- Drug treatment of H1N1 influenza [2012]
- Newer Lipoglycopeptides [2011]
- Role of Immunomodulators in treatment of Multi drug resistant TB [2011, 2018]
- Pharmacological basis of combination therapy in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis [2014]
- Recent status and guidelines for the Mx of XDR tuberculosis [2014]
- Carbapenems and their current status [2014,2015]
- Treatment of MDR tuberculosis [2014]
- Urinary tract infections: Present status [2017]
- Pharmacotherapy of HIV current trends and future prospects. [2018]
- Cephalosporins past and present. [2018]
- Drug treatment of H1N1 influenza [2018]
- Newer antimalarials. [2019]
- Newer antifungal agents. [2019]
Cancer chemotherapy & Immunology
Long questions:
- Recent advances in cancer chemotherapy. [1999,2004,2006]
- Recent advances in pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis [2009]
- Give an account of various agents in rheumatoid disease and its effect on quality of life [2011]
- Recent advances in pharmacotherapy of Ca breast [2014]
Short questions:
- State the current trends in hormonal management of breast cancer [2010, 2018]
- Pharmacological modulation of angiogenesis [2012]
- Vaccination as a tool for cancer prevention [2012]
- Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents [2010]
- Treatment of chronic gout [2011]
- Describe the misuse of anti-histaminics [2015]
- Write a note on HPV vaccine [2015]
- New drug delivery systems in cancer chemotherapy. [2019]
Miscellaneous topics (Ocular and dermatopharmacology, Nutrients, Special topics and others)
Long questions:
- Recent advances in treatment of glaucoma. [2003]
- Discuss new uses of old drugs. [2006]
- Role of pharmacoepidemiology in promoting rational use of drugs [2009]
- Discuss with suitable examples how advances in instrumentation has improved pharmacodynamic evaluation of drugs in clinical trials [2009]
- Describe applications of biotechnology to pharmacology and toxicology
- Give the detail account of recent drugs and current strategies for the treatment of insecticide poisoning [2014]
- Recent advances of drug therapy of non-infective conditions of the eye. [2017]
Short questions:
- Gene therapy [2009]
- Study design in post marketing surveillance [2009]
- Biotechnology as a source for future drugs [2009]
- Polymorphism [2009]
- Intellectual Property Right (IPR) [2009]
- Integrated treatment approach [2009]
- Role of pharmacist in management of medical store [2009]
- Telemedicine [2009]
- Write about recent advances in vaccines [2010]
- Write a note on “environmental pharmacology” [2010]
- Describe newer drug delivery systems [2010, 2017]
- Glucocorticoids in ocular pharmacology [2011]
- Overdose of vitamins [2011]
- 14.Newer drug delivery system [2010]
- 15.Describe influenza vaccines with their therapeutic status [2013]
- 16 Comment on “novel drugs” [2013]
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors [2010,2014]
- Neurosteroids [2014]
- 19.Discuss role of drug designing in drug development [2016]
- 20.Write a note on ‘online pharmacies’ [2016]
- Suicidal inhibitors [2014]
- Drug therapy of pediculosis [2015]
- What is the current status of anti-oxidant therapy [2015]
- Write a note on myeloid growth factors [2015]
- Discuss pharmacology of triptans [2015]
- Environmental pharmacology. [2017]
- Biotechnology as a source of future drugs. [2018]
- Recent advances in alternatives to animal experimentation ion pharmacology. [2018]